Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epi- glottal |
Glottal | |||||
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | |||||||||
Plosive | p b | ȹ ȸ | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | |||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h ɦ | |
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ||||||||||
Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | я | ||||||||||||
Tap or Flap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯ | ||||||||||
Lateral Fricative |
ɬ ɮ | | | | ||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant |
l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | ||||||||||||
Lateral Flap | ɺ | | ʎ̯ | ʟ̆ |
VOWELS
Vowels at right & left of bullets are rounded & unrounede. |
SUPRASEGMENTALS
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TONE AND WORD ACCEENTS
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DIACRITICS |
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, as ŋ̊, Other IPA symbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: tˢ (fricative release), bʱ (breathy voice), ˀa (glottal onset),ᵊ (epenthetic schwa), oᶷ (diphthongization) |
Syllabicity & Releases | Phonation | Primary Articulation | Secondary Articulation | ||||||
n̩ ɹ̩ | Syllabic | n̥ d̥ | Voiceless or Slack voice | t̪ b̪ | Dental | tʷ dʷ | Labialized | ɔ̹ x̹ | More rounded |
e̯ ʊ̯ | Non-syllabic | s̬ d̬ | Modal voice or Stiff voice | t̺ d̺ | Apical | tʲ dʲ | Palatalized | ɔ̜ x̜ʷ | Less rounded |
tʰ dʰ | (Pre)aspirated | n̤ a | Breathy voice | t̻ d̻ | Laminal | tˠ dˠ | Velarized | ẽ z̃ | Nasalized |
dⁿ | Nasal release | n̰ a̰ | Creaky voice | u̟ t̟ | Advanced | tˤ dˤ | Pharyngealized | ɚ ɝ | Rhoticity |
dˡ | Lateral release | n a | Strident | i̠ t̠ | Retracted | ɫ z̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | e̘ o̘ | Advanced tongue root |
t̚ | No audible release | n̼ d̼ | Linguolabial | ä j̈ | Centralized | u̽ | Mid-centralized | e̙ o̙ | Retracted tongue root |
e̞ β̞ | Lowered (β̞ is a bilabial approximant) | e̝ ɹ̝ | Raised (ɹ̝ is a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, ɼ̝ a fricative trill) |